Liquid crystal display having wide viewing angle

ABSTRACT

A tetragonal ring shape aperture is formed in the common electrode on one substrate and a cross shape aperture is formed at the position corresponding to the center of the tetragonal ring shape aperture in the pixel electrode on the other substrate. A liquid crystal layer between two electrodes are divided to four domains where the directors of the liquid crystal layer have different angles when a voltage is applied to the electrodes. The directors in adjacent domains make a right angle. The tetragonal ring shape aperture is broken at midpoint of each side of the tetragon, and the width of the aperture decreases as goes from the bent point to the edge. Wide viewing angle is obtained by four domains where the directors of the liquid crystal layer indicate different directions, disclination is removed and luminance increases.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

(a) Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display having wideviewing angle.

(b) Description of the Related Art

A liquid crystal display (LCD) includes two substrates and a liquidcrystal layer interposed therebetween. The transmittance of the incidentlight is controlled by the strength of the electric field applied to theliquid crystal layer.

A vertically aligned twisted nematic (VATN) liquid crystal display has acouple of transparent substrates which have transparent electrodes ontheir inner surfaces and a couple of polarizers attached to their outersurfaces. The VATN LCD further includes a liquid crystal layer betweenthe two substrates, and the liquid crystal layer has chirality andnegative dielectric anisotropy.

In the off state of the LCD, i.e., in the state that no voltage isapplied to the electrodes, the long axes of the liquid crystal moleculesare aligned perpendicular to the substrates.

When the sufficient voltage difference is applied to the electrodes, anelectric field perpendicular to the substrates and the liquid crystalmolecules are rearranged. That is, the long axes of the liquid crystalmolecules tilt in a direction perpendicular to the field direction orparallel to the substrates due to the dielectric anisotropy, and twistspirally with a pitch due to the chirality.

As described above, since the long axes of the liquid crystal moleculesin the off state is perpendicular to the substrates, the VATN LCD havingcrossed polarizers may have sufficiently dark state. Therefore, thecontrast ratio of the VATN LCD is relatively high compared with theconventional TN LCD. However, the viewing angle of the VATN LCD may notbe so wide due to the difference in retardation values among viewingdirections.

To overcome the above-described problem, multi-domain structures formedby varying rubbing directions in the alignment layers or by formingapertures in the transparent electrodes are proposed. Clere disclosed astructure having linear apertures in a transparent electrode in U.S.Pat. No. 5,136,407, and Hirose et al. disclosed an LCD using fringefields to make the long axes of the liquid crystal molecules to bealigned in a direction between polarizing directions in U.S. Pat. No.5,229,873. On the other hand, Lien proposed a structure having X-shapedapertures in a transparent electrode in U.S. Pat. No. 5,309,264, andHistake et al. disclosed a structure having apertures in both of theelectrodes in U.S. Pat. No. 5,434,690.

However, the proposed structures may not have a sufficiently wideviewing angle and the luminance in their on states is not so high.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is therefore an object of the present invention to widen the viewingangle of an LCD.

It is another object of the present invention to reduce the disclinationof an LCD.

These and other objects, features and advantages are provided, accordingto the present invention, by forming apertures in field generatingelectrodes.

In detail, a liquid crystal display according to the present inventionincludes a first and a second substrate facing each other and a firstand a second electrodes on inner surfaces of the first and the secondsubstrates respectively. The first and the second electrodes face eachother, and have a plurality of first apertures and a plurality of secondapertures, respectively.

According to an aspect of the present invention, the first and thesecond apertures form a substantially closed area.

According to another aspect of the present invention, the boundaries ofthe first and the second apertures are linear, curved or bent with anobtuse angle.

According to another aspect of the present invention, the width of thefirst and the second apertures becomes larger as goes from the ends tothe center.

According to another aspect of the present invention, the width of thefirst and the second apertures are 3-20 μm.

According to another aspect of the present invention, the distancebetween the first and the second apertures are 5-20 μm.

The liquid crystal display according to the present invention mayinclude a liquid crystal layer between the first and the secondsubstrates, a first and a second alignment layers on the first and thesecond electrodes, respectively, and a first and a second polarizersattached on the outer surfaces of the first and the second substrates,respectively. The liquid crystal layer has negative dielectricanisotropy, and the first and the second alignment layer force the longaxes of the liquid crystal molecules to align perpendicular to the firstand the second substrates. The polarizing directions of the first andthe second polarizers are preferably perpendicular to each other. It ispreferable that the number of the average directions of the long axes ofthe liquid crystal molecules in the domains defined by the first and thesecond apertures are four. Preferably, the average directions makes45°±10° with the polarizing directions of the first and the secondpolarizers, and the average directions of the adjacent domains aresubstantially perpendicular to each other.

The shape of the first and the second electrodes according to thepresent invention makes the liquid crystal layer therebetween to bedivided into four regions having different average directions of thelong axes, thereby causing wide viewing angle. In addition, disclinationdue to the disorder of the liquid crystal molecules is reduced byadjusting the widths and shapes of the apertures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A and 1B are schematic diagrams of a VATN LCD according to anembodiment of the present invention, respectively in black state andwhite state.

FIG. 2 is a schematic sectional view of a VATN LCD according anembodiment of the present invention

FIG. 3 is a layout view of apertures in electrodes of a VATN LCDaccording to the first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a sectional view of a liquid crystal display taken along theline IV-IV in FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a layout view of apertures in electrodes of a VATN LCDaccording to the second embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a layout view of apertures in electrodes of a VATN LCDaccording to the third embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a sectional view of a liquid crystal display taken along theline IV-IV in FIG. 6.

FIGS. 8 and 9 are layout views of apertures in electrodes of VATN LCDsaccording to the fourth and fifth embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a sectional view of a liquid crystal display according to anembodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 11 to 15 are layout views of apertures in electrodes of VATN LCDsaccording to the sixth to tenth embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter withreference to the accompanying drawings, in which preferred embodimentsof the present invention are shown. This invention may, however, beembodied in different forms and should not be construed as limited tothe embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are providedso that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fullyconvey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. In thedrawings, the thickness of layers and regions are exaggerated forclarity.

FIGS. 1A and 1B are schematic diagrams of a VATN LCD according to anembodiment of the present invention, respectively in black state andwhite state.

As shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, two glass or quartz insulating substrates10 and 20 faces each other with being spaced apart from each other.Field generating electrodes 11 and 21 made of a transparent conductivematerial such as ITO (indium tin oxide) or the like are formed on theinner surfaces of the substrates 10 and 20, respectively, andhomeotropic alignment layers 12 and 22 are formed thereon, respectively.A liquid crystal layer 100 including a nematic liquid crystal havingnegative dielectric anisotropy is interposed between the substrates 10and 20. The liquid crystal layer 100 may have chirality or the alignmentlayers 12 and 22 may be rubbed in some directions so that the directorof the liquid crystal layer 100 twists from the one alignment layer tothe other. Polarizers 13 and 23 are attached on the outer surfaces ofthe substrates 10 and 20, respectively, and polarize the rays out of theliquid crystal layer 100 and the rays incident on the liquid crystallayer 100, respectively. The polarizing directions of the polarizers 13and 23 are perpendicular to each other. The alignment layers 12 and 22may be rubbed or not.

FIG. 1A shows the off state that there is no potential differencebetween the electrodes 11 and 21. In this case, long axes or molecularaxes of the liquid crystal molecules 110 in the liquid crystal layer 100are aligned perpendicular to the surfaces of the substrates 10 and 20due to the aligning force of the alignment layers 12 and 22.

In this state, the incident light linearly polarized by the polarizer 23attached to the lower substrate 20 passes through the liquid crystallayer 100 without changing its polarization. Then, the light is blockedby the analyzer 13 attached to the upper substrate 10 to make the LCD ina black state.

When the potential difference is applied between the two electrodes 11and 21, an electric field perpendicular to the substrates 10 and 20 aregenerated, and thus the liquid crystal molecules are rearranged.

FIG. 1B shows the on state that the sufficient electric field due to thehigh potential difference between the electrodes 11 and 21 is applied tothe liquid crystal layer 100. The molecular axes of the liquid crystalmolecules in the liquid crystal layer 100 becomes perpendicular to thefield direction or parallel to the substrates 11 and 21 due to thedielectric anisotropy. However, the molecules 110 near the surface ofthe alignment layers 12 and 22 remains in its initial state since thealigning force by the alignment layers 12 and 22 is much larger than theforce due to the dielectric anisotropy. Furthermore, the liquid crystaldirector twists spirally due to the chirality or rubbing. By adjustingthe chirality of the liquid crystal layer 100, the twist angle of theliquid crystal director from the lower substrate 10 to the uppersubstrate 20 may made to be 90°.

The incident light linearly polarized by the polarizer 23 passes throughthe liquid crystal layer 100 and its polarization rotates by 90°according to the twist of the liquid crystal director. Therefore, thelight passes through the analyzer 13 to make the LCD in a white state.

FIG. 2 shows the schematic structure of a VATN LCD having apertures inelectrodes according to an embodiment of the present invention. Forconvenience, only substrates and electrodes are depicted and the otherelements such as alignment layers are abbreviated.

As shown in FIG. 2, field-generating electrodes 11 and 21 are formed onthe upper and the lower substrates 10 and 20, respectively, and theelectrode 21 formed on the lower substrate 20 has an aperture 200.

In absence of electric field, the long axes of the liquid crystalmolecules 110 are aligned perpendicular to the substrates 10 and 20, asshown in FIG. 1A.

If the electrodes 11 and 21 have potential difference, an electric fieldis generated. Although the field direction in most regions isperpendicular to the substrates 10 and 20, the field direction near theaperture 200 is not completely perpendicular to the substrates 10 and20, and the electric field is symmetrical with respect to the aperture100. The electric field near the aperture 200 is called the fringefield. The long axes of the liquid crystal molecules are notperpendicular to the substrates 10 and 20 and make some angle. Thearrangement of the liquid crystal molecules are almost symmetrical withrespect to the aperture 200 and the liquid crystal molecules in oppositeregions with respect to the aperture 200 are arranged in oppositemanner, thereby causing wide viewing angle.

The strength of the fringe field is large near the aperture and becomessmaller as goes far from the aperture. Accordingly, if the distancebetween the apertures is properly adjusted, the liquid crystal moleculeslocated between the apertures are sufficiently affected by the fringefield. The liquid crystal layer is divided into several regions ordomains defined by the apertures, and the average axial direction, whichmeans the average direction of the long axes of the liquid crystalmolecules, in each domain is varied according to the shapes andarrangement of the apertures.

Since the aperture 200 is formed when a conductive layer is patterned toform the electrode 21 by using photolithography, no separate step forforming the aperture 20 is required, and thus it is very easy to obtaina multi-domain LCD compared with other methods using such as rubbing. Inaddition, the locations and the shapes of the domains can be finelyadjustable because of the use of the photolithography. In the meantime,a plurality of wires (not shown) for supplying signals to the electrode21 may be provided on the lower substrate 20. In this case, portions ofthe electrode 11 on the upper substrate 10 located at the positioncorresponding to wires on the lower substrate 20 may be removed in orderto reduce the parasitic capacitance between the electrode 11 and thewires.

As described above, the apertures 200 may have various shapes andarrangements, and the apertures may be formed in both electrodes oreither of the electrodes. Since the shapes and arrangements of theapertures affects on the average axial directions of the domains andcharacteristics such as luminance, response time and afterimages, etc.,of the LCD panels, they should be properly designed.

The aperture pattern for a multi-domain LCD according to the presentinvention satisfies the following conditions:

First, it is preferable that the number of the domains which havedifferent average axial directions, especially in a pixel, is at leasttwo, and more preferably the number is four. The average axial directionof each domain, when viewed from the top, preferably makes 45°±10°, morepreferably 45° with the polarizing directions of the polarizersespecially when using crossed polarizers. In addition, it is preferablethat the average axial directions of the adjacent domains areperpendicular to each other.

Second, it is preferable that the apertures on the upper and the lowersubstrates form substantially closed areas and thus substantially closeddomains, when viewed from the top. It is because that the texture wherethe arrangement of the liquid crystal molecules is disordered isgenerated near the ends of the apertures, and thus the ends of theapertures are preferably closely located. Furthermore, the boundaries ofthe apertures are preferably linear, slowly curved or bent with anobtuse angle in order to make the arrangement of the liquid crystalmolecules to be uniform, thereby reducing the response time. Inparticular, when the apertures on the lower and upper substrates faceeach other and form a substantially closed area, it is preferable thatthe boundaries of the facing portions of the apertures are preferablylinear, slowly curved or bent with an obtuse angle. It is preferablethat the width of the aperture becomes larger as goes from the ends tothe center. The aperture patterns may be rectangular.

Finally, the width of the aperture and the distance between theapertures are preferably 3-20 μm and 5-20 μm. If the width of theaperture is larger than the former value or the distance between theapertures is less than the latter value, the aperture ratio is reduced,thereby reducing luminance and transmittance. On the contrary, if thewidth of the aperture is less than the former value or the distancebetween the apertures is larger than the latter value, the strength ofthe fringe field becomes week, thereby increasing response time andgenerating disordered textures.

Now, considering these conditions, the first embodiment of the presentinvention will be described with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4. Although anLCD has a plurality of pixels, FIGS. 3 and 4 show a single pixel region300. In addition, only aperture patterns are illustrated in FIGS. 3 and4, and other elements such as TFTs, wires, etc., are not illustrated.

As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, a plurality of linear apertures 211, 212, 216and 217 are formed in a rectangular pixel region 300. A plurality offirst and second apertures 211 and 212 extending in transverse andlongitudinal directions respectively are formed in an electrode 11 on anupper substrate 10, and a cross-shaped aperture 216 and 217 includingfirst and second portions 216 and 217 extending in the transverse andlongitudinal directions respectively are formed in an electrode 21 on alower substrate 20.

The first and the second apertures 211 and 212 are separated from eachother, arranged in the longitudinal direction, and form four largesquares which is substantially closed.

The first portion 216 of the lower aperture passes through the center ofthe pixel 300 in the longitudinal direction, and thus through the centerof the large squares formed by the first and the second apertures 211and 212, and both ends of the first portion 216 approaches the secondapertures 212. The plurality of second portions 217 passes through thecenter of the large squares in the transverse direction, and both endsof the second portion 216 approaches the first apertures 211.

As a result, the apertures 211, 212, 216 and 217 form small squareswhich define domains, and two edges of the small square is two apertures211 and 212 on the upper substrate 10, while the other two edges of thesmall square is two apertures 216 and 217 on the lower substrate 20.

The arrangement of the liquid crystal molecules is described withreference to FIG. 4.

As shown in FIG. 4, the liquid crystal molecules incline due to thefringe field near the apertures. The adjacent apertures 211 and 216 onthe different substrates 10 and 20 result in a fringe field which forcesthe liquid crystal molecules between the apertures 211 and 216 to alignin the same direction, i.e., the direction from the aperture 216 to theaperture 211. Accordingly, the tilt directions of the liquid crystalmolecules in the opposing regions with respect to the apertures aredifferent.

In the meantime, since the adjacent apertures defining a domain areperpendicular to each other, the director of the liquid crystal layervaries in accordance with position. However, the average axial directionin a square domain becomes the direction from the intersection of thefirst and the second portions 216 and 217 to the intersection of theextensions of the first and the second apertures. That is, the averageaxial direction in a square domain is the direction from the center tothe corner of the large square formed by the first and the secondapertures 211 and 212. This arrangement of the aperture makes sixteensquare domains in a pixel, and the average axial direction of eachdomain is one of four directions. The average axial directions of theadjacent domains are perpendicular to each other when viewed from thetop.

When the polarizing directions P1 and P2 of the polarizers are alignedin the transverse and the longitudinal directions respectively, thepolarizing directions P1 and P2 have an angle of 45° relative to theaverage axial direction of each domain when a sufficient voltage isapplied.

In the LCDs having the aperture pattern shown in FIG. 3, the liquidcrystal molecules are rearranged by the force due to the electric fieldimmediately after the voltage is applied. However, the arrangement ofthe liquid crystal molecules is slowly changed by the tendency to beparallel to each other, which the molecules of the nematic liquidcrystal have. Accordingly, it takes some time to reach a stable statethat the movement of the liquid crystal molecules disappears, therebycausing large response time.

An aperture pattern according to the second embodiment of the presentinvention shown in FIG. 5 is similar to the aperture pattern shown inFIG. 3 except for rectangular shape of the domains instead of squareshape. That is, longitudinal apertures 221 and 226 are longer thantransverse apertures 222 and 227. Accordingly, when viewed from the top,an angle made by the average axial directions in the adjacent domains isnot exactly 90°, and an angle between the polarizing directions and theaverage axial directions is not exactly 45°. However, in this case, oneof the transverse or longitudinal directions is preferred by the liquidcrystal molecules because the long axes of the liquid crystal moleculesmakes a less angle with one of the two directions than with the other.Since the rearrangement of the liquid crystal molecules quickly occurredand becomes stable, the response time is relatively short than the LCDshown in FIG. 3.

A liquid crystal display exhibiting less response time is now described.

FIG. 6 is a layout view of an aperture pattern of an LCD according to athird embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 5 is a sectionalview of the LCD shown in FIG. 6 taken along the line VII-VII′.

As shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, an LCD according to the third embodiment ofthe present invention includes a lower TFT (thin film transistor) panel20 and an upper color filter panel 10. Though it is not shown in thefigures, a plurality of gate lines and data lines are formed on theinner surface of the TFT panel 20, and a pixel electrode 20 and a TFT(now shown) as a switching element are formed in a lower pixel regionsurrounded by the gate lines and data lines. On the inner surface of thecolor filter panel 10 opposite to the TFT panel 20, a black matrixpattern 14 which defines an upper pixel region corresponding to thelower pixel region in the TFT panel is formed, and a color filter 15 isformed therebetween. A passivation layer 16 covers the black matrix 14and the color filter 15, and a common electrode 11 is formed thereon. Aplurality of apertures 230, 233 and 238 are formed in the commonelectrode 11 and the pixel electrode 21, and homeotropic alignmentlayers 25 and 15 are formed on the pixel electrode 21 and the commonelectrode 11, respectively.

Polarizers 13 and 23 are attached to the outer surfaces of thesubstrates 10 and 20, respectively, and retardation films 17 and 27 areinterposed between the polarizers 13 and 23 and the substrates 10 and20, respectively. An a-plate compensation film and a c-platecompensation film may be attached to respective substrates, or twoc-plate compensation films may be attached the both substrates 10 and20. A biaxial compensation film may be used instead of the uniaxialcompensation film, and, in this case, the biaxial compensation film maybe attached to only one substrate. The slow axis, which is the directionhaving a largest refractive index, of the a-plate or biaxialcompensation film may be parallel or perpendicular to the polarizingdirections. It is preferable that the second slow axis of the biaxialcompensation film coincides the transmission or absorption axes of thepolarizers.

The shapes of the apertures 230, 233 and 238 are basically similar tothose of the LCD shown in FIG. 3 according to the first embodiment. Indetail, the apertures 230 and 233 on the color filter panel 10 includeslongitudinal parts 231 and 234 and transverse parts 232 and 235extending from the center of the longitudinal parts 231 and 233 in theleft or right direction. The apertures 233 and 230 located near the leftand right edges of the pixel is symmetrically arranged with respect tothe longitudinal central line of the pixel, and form four largerectangles (almost squares) arranged in the longitudinal direction. Theplurality of the apertures 238 on the TFT panel 20 have cross shapesincluding transverse parts 237 and longitudinal parts 236 crossing eachother, and the centers of the apertures 238 are located at the center ofthe large rectangles.

It is preferable that the ends of the apertures 230, 233 and 238 on thesubstrates 10 and 20 are as close as possible such that the domaindefined by the apertures 230, 233 and 238 form a substantially closedarea when viewed from the top.

The width of the apertures 230, 233 and 238 is largest at the center,and decreases as goes to the ends. Therefore, the boundaries of theapertures 230, 233 and 238 are bent with obtuse angle, and the anglemade by two apertures on the different substrates are acute angle whenviewed from the top. As a result, the domain defined by the apertures 13and 23 has the diagonal substantially perpendicular to the average axialdirection which is longer than the diagonal substantially parallel tothe average axial direction. The ratio of the diagonal perpendicular tothe average axial direction with respect to the diagonal parallel to theaverage axial direction becomes larger if the width difference betweenthe central portion and the end portion of the apertures 230, 233 and238 is more enlarged at the bent point. Since the liquid crystalmolecules become more uniformly aligned as the apertures 13 and 23 areparallel to each other, the response time becomes reduced as the ratiobecomes large.

In this embodiment, the average axial directions of the adjacent domainsmakes 90 degrees, and the polarizing directions P1 and P2 of thepolarizers 13 and 23 are perpendicular to each other and makes 45degrees with the average axial direction of each domain.

According to the third embodiment, four tetragonal rings formed of theapertures exist in a unit pixel. However, the number of the rings mayvary according to the conditions such as the size of the pixel. Still,to obtain the optimum luminance, the apertures preferably form regulartetragonal rings.

The width of the apertures 230, 233 and 238 is preferably in the rangeof 3-20 μm as described above.

The distance between the central points of the apertures 230, 233 and238 on the different substrates 10 and 20, which is largest distancebetween the apertures, is in the range of 10-50 μm and more preferablyin the range of 23-30 μm. However, it depends on the size or the shapeof the pixel.

Now, a fourth embodiment of the present invention is described withreference to FIG. 8.

As shown in FIG. 6, the shape of apertures is similar to that of thethird embodiment. However, the boundaries of the apertures 230, 233 and238 are bent twice while those in the third embodiment once, when only adomain is considered. In addition, considering only a domain, the edges241 and 242 generated by the twice bending of the boundaries of theapertures 230, 233 and 238 on the different substrates 10 and 20 areparallel to each other. In other words, the central portions of theapertures 230, 233 and 238 expand to the center of the domain, thecentral portions 239 of the apertures 238 becomes square. Accordingly,the distance between the apertures 230, 233 and 238 becomes muchsmaller, and the boundaries of the apertures 230, 233 and 238 approacheslinear shape, thereby decreasing response time. However, since the areaoccupied by the apertures 233, 233 and 238 becomes larger, the apertureratio decreases.

To solve this problem, the central portion 239 of the aperture 238 onthe lower substrate 20 in the fourth embodiment becomes square ringinstead of square in the fifth embodiment. The cross shaped aperture 238is divided two portions 245 and 246 in order to prevent the isolation ofthe portion of the electrode surrounded by the central portion of theaperture 238. That is, two adjacent edges of the square ring isconnected to each other, but disconnected to the remaining two edges.Furthermore, an aperture 247 parallel to the opposing edges of thesquare ring is added. As a result, two domains are added in the squarering, and the aperture ratio increases.

In the first to the fifth embodiments of the present invention, apertureratio and luminance may be improved if edge portions of the apertures230 and 233 on the upper substrate 10 are placed outside the pixelelectrode 21 as shown in FIG. 10.

The shapes of the apertures on the two substrates may be exchanged.

In order to obtain less response time, it is preferable that theapertures on the different substrates are parallel to each other, whichis the sixth embodiment shown in FIG. 11.

A linear aperture 252 extending longitudinally is formed in the centerof a pixel electrode on a TFT panel 20, and two linear longitudinalapertures 251 on a color filter panel 10 are located left and right tothe aperture 252, and thus the apertures on the different substrates arearranged alternately. Polarizing directions P1 and P2 are perpendicularto each other and make an angle of 45° with respect to the extension ofthe apertures 251 and 252.

In this case, since the liquid crystal molecules in a domain uniformlyincline in the same direction, i.e., the direction perpendicular to theaperture, the response time is very fast as about 30 ms. However, inthis case, only 2 average axial directions are generated, and theviewing angle is not good compared with the former embodiments.

Another aperture pattern for obtaining fast response time as well asfour average axial directions is provided in the seventh embodiment ofthe present invention shown in FIG. 12.

FIG. 12 shows two adjacent pixels 310 and 320 and an aperture patternformed thereon. Apertures 253 and 255 on the upper substrate 10 andapertures 254 and 256 extend obliquely to make an angle with thetransverse and the longitudinal directions. The apertures 253, 254, 255and 256 in a pixel 310 and 320 are parallel to each other, and theextensions of the apertures in the adjacent pixels makes an angle suchas 90 degrees. In this case, a pair of pixels yields 4 different averageaxial directions.

Polarizing directions P1 and P2 are aligned in the transverse andlongitudinal directions.

The disclination that the liquid crystal molecules are disordered may begenerated near the intersections of the pixel electrodes and theapertures 254 and 256 on the lower substrate 20, more exactly, at theportion where the apertures makes an obtuse angle with the pixelelectrode. The disclination reduces the luminance of the LCD, andafterimage may be generated since the position of the disclinationregion varies according to the applied voltage.

FIG. 13, which illustrate the eighth embodiment of the presentinvention, shows a branch 257 of the aperture 253 on the color filtersubstrate, which extends to the point where the boundary of the pixelelectrode 21 and the aperture 253 make an obtuse angle along the edgesof the pixel electrode 21. The width of the branch 257 may graduallydecrease from the connection with the apertures 253 to the ends. Thisshape decreases the disclination and increases the luminance.

According to the seventh and the eighth embodiments, two average axialdirections exist in a pixel, and four average axial directions in a pairof the pixel regions.

The various arrangement of pixels having different average axialdirections are possible, and these embodiments are shown in FIGS. 14 and15.

According to the ninth embodiment shown in FIG. 14, the pixels arrangedin the row direction has the same average axial direction, while theadjacent pixels in a column have different average axial directions. Inorder to make different average axial directions, the oblique angles ofapertures is differentiated.

On the contrary, according to the tenth embodiment shown in FIG. 15, theoblique angles of the apertures of adjacent pixels in a column aredifferent, while, in row direction, the pixels in a dot including red,green and blue pixels has the same average axial direction, and theaverage axial direction is altered by unit of dot.

According to the embodiments of the present invention, multi-domain LCDsare formed using various aperture pattern to control the arrangement ofliquid crystal molecules, therefore wide viewing angle is obtained,disclination is removed and the luminance is increased.

In the drawings and specification, there have been disclosed typicalpreferred embodiments of the invention and, although specific terms areemployed, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and notfor purposes of limitation, the scope of the invention being set forthin the following claims.

1.-22. (canceled)
 23. A liquid crystal display comprising: a firstsubstrate; a second substrate facing the first substrate; a liquidcrystal layer between the first substrate and the second substrate; afirst electrode on the inner surface of the first substrate andcomprising a first opening; a second electrode on the inner surface ofthe second substrate and comprising a second opening; a group havingadjacent domains divided by tilt directions of liquid crystal molecules,and wherein the first opening comprises a cross-shaped opening, whereinthe group having adjacent domains has a first boundary extendingsubstantially in a transverse direction and a second boundary extendingsubstantially in a longitudinal direction, wherein the cross-shapedopening comprises a rhombus-shaped opening disposed in a center portionthereof, wherein sides of the rhombus-shaped opening are substantiallyperpendicular to the tilt directions of liquid crystal molecules in aplan view respectively, when a voltage difference is generated betweenthe first electrode and the second electrode.
 24. The liquid crystaldisplay of claim 23, wherein a boundary of the cross-shaped opening isbent twice.
 25. The liquid crystal display of claim 23, wherein longaxes of liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer arevertically aligned to the substrates in a state that no voltage isapplied to the first and second electrodes.
 26. The liquid crystaldisplay of claim 23, wherein the domain forms a squared shape.
 27. Theliquid crystal display of claim 23, wherein the group having adjacentdomains forms a squared shape or a rectangular shape.
 28. The liquidcrystal display of claim 27, wherein the group having adjacent domainscomprises four domains.
 29. The liquid crystal display of claim 23,further comprising a pixel region including a first edge extendingsubstantially in the transverse direction and a second edge extendingsubstantially in the longitudinal direction, wherein the group havingadjacent domains and disposed in the pixel region is three.
 30. Theliquid crystal display of claim 23, wherein the group having adjacentdomains comprises four domains, wherein the axial direction of theliquid crystal molecules in each domain is tilted at an average angle 45degrees with respect to an extending direction of the first opening orthe second opening.
 31. A liquid crystal display comprising: a firstsubstrate; a second substrate facing the first substrate; a liquidcrystal layer between the first substrate and the second substrate; afirst electrode on the inner surface of the first substrate andcomprising a first opening; a second electrode on the inner surface ofthe second substrate and comprising a second opening; a group havingadjacent domains divided by tilt directions of liquid crystal molecules,and wherein the first opening comprises a cross-shaped opening, whereinthe group having adjacent domains has a first boundary extendingsubstantially in a transverse direction and a second boundary extendingsubstantially in a longitudinal direction, wherein the cross-shapedopening comprises a rhombus-shaped opening disposed in a center portionthereof, and wherein the cross-shaped opening comprises a transversepart and a longitudinal part, wherein an angle between a side of therhombus-shaped opening and one of the transverse part and thelongitudinal part is about 45 or about 135 degrees.
 32. The liquidcrystal display of claim 31, wherein the side of the rhombus-shapedopening makes about 45 or about 135 degrees with a polarizing directionof a polarizer, which is on the outer surface of the first substrate orthe second substrate.
 33. The liquid crystal display of claim 31,wherein a boundary of the cross-shaped opening is bent twice.
 34. Theliquid crystal display of claim 31, wherein long axes of liquid crystalmolecules in the liquid crystal layer are vertically aligned to thesubstrates in a state that no voltage is applied to the first and secondelectrodes.
 35. The liquid crystal display of claim 31, wherein thedomain forms a squared shape.
 36. The liquid crystal display of claim31, wherein the group having adjacent domains forms a squared shape or arectangular shape.
 37. The liquid crystal display of claim 36, whereinthe group having adjacent domains comprises four domains.
 38. The liquidcrystal display of claim 31, further comprising a pixel region includinga first edge extending substantially in the transverse direction and asecond edge extending substantially in the longitudinal direction,wherein the group having adjacent domains and disposed in the pixelregion is three.
 39. The liquid crystal display of claim 31, wherein thegroup having adjacent domains comprises four domains, wherein the axialdirection of the liquid crystal molecules in each domain is tilted at anaverage angle 45 degrees with respect to an extending direction of thefirst opening or the second opening.
 40. A liquid crystal displaycomprising: a first substrate; a second substrate facing the firstsubstrate; a liquid crystal layer between the first substrate and thesecond substrate; a first electrode on the inner surface of the firstsubstrate and comprising a first opening; a second electrode on theinner surface of the second substrate and comprising a second opening; agroup having adjacent domains divided by tilt directions of liquidcrystal molecules, and wherein the first opening comprises across-shaped opening, wherein the group having adjacent domains has afirst boundary extending substantially in a transverse direction and asecond boundary extending substantially in a longitudinal direction,wherein the cross-shaped opening comprises a rhombus-shaped openingdisposed in a center portion thereof, wherein the cross-shaped openingcomprises a transverse part and a longitudinal part, and wherein thetransverse part and the longitudinal part extend from a vertex of therhombus-shaped opening respectively.
 41. The liquid crystal display ofclaim 40, wherein a boundary of the cross-shaped opening is bent twice.42. The liquid crystal display of claim 40, wherein long axes of liquidcrystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer are vertically aligned tothe substrates in a state that no voltage is applied to the first andsecond electrodes.
 43. The liquid crystal display of claim 40, whereinthe domain forms a squared shapes.
 44. The liquid crystal display ofclaim 40, wherein the group having adjacent domains forms a squaredshape or a rectangular shape.
 45. The liquid crystal display of claim44, wherein the group having adjacent domains comprises four domains.46. The liquid crystal display of claim 40, further comprising a pixelregion including a first edge extending substantially in the transversedirection and a second edge extending substantially in the longitudinaldirection, wherein the group having adjacent domains and disposed in thepixel region is three.
 47. The liquid crystal display of claim 40,wherein the group having adjacent domains comprises four domains,wherein the axial direction of the liquid crystal molecules in eachdomain is tilted at an average angle 45 degrees with respect to anextending direction of the first opening or the second opening.